The U.S. Supreme Court’s Diamond v. Chakrabarty decision in 1980 opened the door for certain modified products of nature to be patented. A natural bacterium modified to digest different hydrocarbons in oil spills was found to be patentable.
“This decision allowed the biotechnology industry to boom because it expanded the notion of what was patentable,” says Scott Frederick Peachman, an associate attorney at Fay Sharpe LLP.
After Chakrabarty, the courts continued to expand on what types of modified natural products were eligible for patenting. However, over the past few years, they have reversed their direction.
In 2012, the Supreme Court in Mayo v. Prometheus determined that a diagnostic method for altering the dosage of a drug based on a patient’s metabolite levels was not patentable. The next year, the Supreme Court in Molecular Pathology vs. Myriad Genetics found that an isolated human gene was not patentable, i.e., it was not “markedly different” than nature.
After these decisions, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) published its own guidelines interpreting these cases. “While not binding on the courts, the USPTO guidelines affect the patent prosecution process and further extend the recent hard stance taken by the courts on patent eligibility,” he says. These developments, coupled with the change in the U.S. to a substantially first-to-file country, can make things difficult for companies that are unprepared.
Smart Business spoke with Peachman about what biotechnology companies should know.
How has the legal landscape changed?
There are two key statues affected by these decisions. First, patent eligibility — is what you have eligible to be patented? — has been narrowed for biotechnology inventions. Second, the USPTO has been pushing hard to compel applicants to describe a biotechnology invention in great detail.
Under the new patent eligibility requirements, modifications involving mere isolation of a natural product or mutation of a few nonessential amino acids in a protein are unlikely to produce products that are ‘markedly different’ than nature. The bar on patent eligibility will stand. However, if you provide enough modification to a natural product to confer a new function or structure, similar to the modified bacterium in Chakrabarty, it is likely to be eligible for patenting.
Genes are still patentable under Myriad if they are converted to complementary DNA. Essentially, this entails making a complementary copy of DNA from natural DNA, which is not performed naturally in humans. Nonetheless, the result in Myriad may cause some companies to protect their genes using trade secrets as opposed to patents.
What trends could be affected?
One promising industry for biotechnology is personalized medicine. Therapies tailored to individuals based on genomics will be developed, as well as diagnostic methods that optimize the dosage of a drug based on an individual’s metabolic response. The personalized medicine industry will look towards Prometheus, which involved a personalized diagnostic method, and the USPTO guidelines before filing patent applications directed to new diagnostic methods.
Pharmaceutical companies are losing patent exclusivity on many blockbuster drugs. Accordingly, they are considering new alternatives to generate revenue, e.g., biologic products including therapeutic antibodies, therapeutic proteins, and DNA vaccines. The pharmaceutical industry will look towards Myriad and the USPTO guidelines before filing patent applications directed to new biologics.
How can biotechnology businesses adjust?
Businesses need to look carefully at how these laws are developing. A patent eligibility rejection is challenging because the merits of the invention, such as its novelty or non-obviousness, cannot be used to overcome it. Additionally, the USPTO examiners are skeptical with respect to whether you have explained your invention well enough or whether you have demonstrated that it works the way you say it does. Spend your time thinking about the practical applications of your discovery so that it meets the patent eligibility requirements, and then include many examples of these practical applications to show adequate written description and enablement.
Biotechnology patent applications are getting really detailed and complex because of all these new considerations. More details are needed before filing a patent application than ever before, but there is also pressure to file quickly because of our substantially first-to-file system. Biotechnology companies have to weigh the speed to file against having enough information to pass the various hurdles imposed by the courts and the USPTO.
A misstep in the patent drafting process could affect investor confidence down the road, and ultimately, funding. However, a properly executed patent strategy can take these concerns into account when drafting a patent application which, after being granted by the USPTO, may become a vital protective or revenue generating asset in the biotechnology industry.
Scott Frederick Peachman is an associate attorney at Fay Sharpe LLP. Reach him at (216) 393-9100 or [email protected].
Insights Legal Affairs is brought to you by Fay Sharpe LLP